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| Venezuelan presidential election, 1993 ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Venezuelan general election, 1993
General elections were held in Venezuela on 5 December 1993.〔Nohlen, D (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II'', p555 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3〕 The presidential elections were won by Rafael Caldera of National Convergence, who received 30.5% of the vote.〔Nohlen, p582〕 Democratic Action remained the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies and Senate, which were elected on separate ballots for the first time.〔Nohlen, p575〕 Voter turnout was 60.2%, the lowest since World War II.〔Nohlen, p556〕
==Background==
The election campaign was dominated by the corruption charges brought against sitting President Carlos Andrés Pérez, which led to his impeachment on 20 May 1993. He was replaced by Octavio Lepage as Acting President until Ramón José Velásquez was elected by Congress as interim President on 5 June. An atmosphere of economic and political crisis prevailed, with general economic problems compounded by a banking crisis, and a declining legitimacy of the traditional main parties, Democratic Action and Copei. The previous year had seen two coup attempts in February and November, reflecting widespread popular discontent with the political establishment.
Rafael Caldera, founder of Copei, rejected his old party and led a "National Convergence" of 17 smaller parties - including the Movement for Socialism, the Democratic Republican Union, the People's Electoral Movement and the Communist Party of Venezuela. His campaign promises included pardoning the 1992 coup plotters, including Hugo Chávez.
The Congressional elections were the first held under a mixed member proportional representation system,〔 modelled on the German system, with some variations.〔Crisp and Rey(2003:189)〕 The traditionally dominant Democratic Action and Copei "supported it because it looked the most like the system under which they had prospered".〔Crisp, BF % Rey, JC (2003) "The Sources of Electoral Reform in Venezuela", in Shugart, Matthew Soberg, and Martin P. Wattenberg, ''Mixed-Member Electoral Systems - The Best of Both Worlds?'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. pp. 173-194(22)〕 The MMP system continued to use the old formula of assigning seats to states based on multiplying the total population by 0.55%, with a minimum of three deputies from each state (thus over-representing sparsely populated states).〔 Half each state's seats were then elected in single seat districts, and the remainder by closed party list. Parties could receive up to five additional seats based on their national vote total, to provide greater proportionality.〔Crisp and Rey (2003:188)〕
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